The Particular Features Of The Employment System I Essay Example For Students

The Particular Features Of The Employment System I Essay n JapanThe Particular Features Of The Employment System In Japan One of the unique and well known features of the Japanese employmentsystem is permanent employment for workers. Japanese corporations responses torecessionary periods provide an opportunity to sort out the myths from therealities of the Japanese permanent employment system. During recessions Japanese companies forced to reduce their costsachieve reductions in several ways. First, they reduce the number of women andtemporary workers they employ. During the recession that followed the 1973 oilshocks female employment dropped by eleven percent; more then five times thedrop in male employment. It was easy to reduce female employment because womeneven if they hold permanent positions are thought of as transitory workers whowill leave the workforce when they get married. Female and temporary workers area safety valve for Japanese companies that allow them to reduce costs in theshort-term without firing permanent male workers. The second way Japanesecompanies reduce costs is by giving early retirement to senior workers at thecompany. Many of these workers forced into early retirement then take up farmingas is the custom in Japan for retires. Getting rid of senior workers is one themost effective tools companies have of reducing costs because these workers hav emore seniority and thus make more money then the average worker. Japanesecompanies also are able to cut costs during recessions by reducing oreliminating bonuses paid to workers, cutting down on hiring of new workers,eliminating the farming out of work to subcontractors, transferring workersinternally with in the company to subsidiaries, and reducing profit margins tolevels that many American companies would find intolerable. We will write a custom essay on The Particular Features Of The Employment System I specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Japanese companies response to recessions shows the benefits anddisadvantages of their employment system. Some of the benefits are that loyaltyand labor relations are very good. This is due to the fact that for non-temporary male workers not yet near retirement age companies make a great effortto continue the permanent employment system even during recessions. Most youngmale workers once entering a company stay with it for their entire life and forthem Japans permanent employment system serves them well. These workers come toview their company as almost a benevolent parent; the company leads them throughfitness drills, training camps, and retreats. A workers identity is shaped notby their individual title but by the company they belong to. But, female,temporary, and senior workers wind up paying the price of this permanentemployment system. Women who want to work in a long-term position for a companylose their jobs when recession hits. And because many women who lose their jobsbecom e housewives and dont apply for unemployment insurance they become theinvisible unemployed, uncounted by labor department statistics. The permanentemployment system in Japan is only a permanent employment for non-temporary maleworkers not near retirement age, during recessions when companies are forced tocut costs mostly female, temporary, and elderly workers wind up loosing theirjobs. History

aromatherapy essays

aromatherapy essays Darwin (1859, cited in Gross, 1988) in his book on the Origin of Species (1859) stated species evolved through the process of natural selection in which only the fittest survive. This implies selfish behaviour. However, some species do show altruism (e.g., rabbits banging on the ground to alert others of danger). Altruism has been defined as helping someone in need with no expectation of receiving something in return. Humans also show altruism but psychologists have questioned is it truly selflessness that motivates us to help others or do we receive some reward in return. The exchange theory (1959, cited in Deaux and Wrightsman, 1980) states people display altruistic behaviour to feel good or gain social approval. This theory also states the higher the rewards the more likely altruistic behaviour will be engaged in. Rewards can be either intrinsic such as praise or extrinsic such as self-satisfaction. Many factors have been studied to see if they affect whether or not we display more or less altruistic behaviour. Such factors include gender of person requiring the help and of the person offering it, type of situation, age, race and physical conditions (such as type of weather or area request for help is asked, busy or quiet). Colaizzi, Williams and Kayson (1984, cited in ... ) investigated whether sex differences existed in altruism. Both males and females phoned random numbers from the phone book and explained their car would not start and asked the subject if they could ring a number for them as they had no change. The time taken for the subject to call was recorded. It was found that women were helped more then men. Brown-Kruse and Hummels (1993, cited in...) found in public goods games males displayed more altruistic behaviour, Nowell and Tinker (1991, cited in...) however found the opposite. It was also noted that men were more extreme , they would be more likely to be extremely selfish o ...